Rāgas of Tanjore: Book Review
Preeti Sethuraman
Rāgas of Tanjore: Book Review
Preeti Sethuraman
“Rāgas of Tanjore” is a work by Sir E. Clements, edited by Dr. Gowri Kuppuswamy and Dr. M. Hariharan. First published in 1920 (and reprinted in 1988), it draws on the rich musical traditions of Tañjāvūr, an important seat of music. Clements covers 52 compositions including varṇa-s, kṛti-s, jāvalī-s and other forms, primarily by composed vāggēyakāra-s like Tyāgarāja, Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita, Paṭnam Subramaṇiya Ayyar, Vīṇa Kuppayyar and so on. What makes the work unique is that all the notations are given in Western (staff) notation, accompanied by the sāhitya in English.
This work begins with an Editor’s Preface (by Dr. Kuppuswamy and Hariharan) and Clements’s own preface. As the Journal (1994) of the Music Academy notes, Clements was “another European who, in 1920, published Rāgas of Tanjore which contains a long introduction and 52 Karnatic compositions in staff notation”. This introduction attempts covers the 72 mēlakartā framework of Śrī Veṅkaṭamakhin with European ideas of notation, harmonies and pitch. He also provides staff notation to show the basic structure of the ṣaḍja, madhyama and gāndhāra grāma-s.
A convenient index and glossary is provided. It includes certain prominent ones like Śrī Vīṇa Kuppayar's varṇa, “Sāmi Ninnē” in Śaṅkarābharaṇam, Śrī Tyāgarāja's Nagumōmu ganalēni in Ābhēri, Śrī Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita’s Vātāpi Gaṇapatim in Hamsadhvani and rare ones like compositions of Śrī Rāmaliṅgasvāmi, Aṇṇāmalai Kavi and Rāja Yōgi. The format is similar for all the compositions. First comes the sāhitya transliterated in English followed by its meaning, in a gist and then the indication of the rāga and the tāla along with the mēla's number within bracket. A line about the rāga svarūpa is mentioned for the varṇa alone. Below the staff notation, the english lines according to the karvai-s and split are given for each avarta making it easy to follow (provided, one understands staff notation).
The list covers a wide repertoire of rāga (scales) like mēlakartā-s - Śaṅkarābharaṇam, Kharaharapriyā, Kalyāṇī, Cakravākam, Naṭabhairavī, Tōḍi, Rāmapriyā and Latāṅgī, and many other auḍava, ṣāḍava vakra rāga-s like Ābhēri, Dēvamanōhari and Dēvagāndhāri, Kāmbhōji, Garuḍadhvani, Śupōśini, Kāpinārāyaṇī, Nāgasvarāvali, Sāvērī etc, folk based rāga-s like Jhenjhuṭṭi and rare ones like Karṇaśravya (Yaṅgē nānē of Śrī Rāja Yōgi). Except one composition - a kāvaḍi cindu, "Mūsu vandu" in Jhenjhuṭṭi by Śrī Aṇṇāmalai Kavi, which is in Cāpu, all other compositions are in ādi, ēka, dēśādi or rūpaka tala
Clements’s anthology is not just archival, it also serves as a teaching tool. Its inclusion of svara exercises in the Gandhara grāma (an ancient concept) is especially usefull as it does not exist in today's scenario. This book can be taken as a primary reference for karṇāṭak compositions with staff notation.
Unlike Subbarāma Dīkṣita’s Saṅgīta Sampradāya Pradarśini (1904), which includes krti-s in Sanskrit script with notations, Clements has adopted Western notation and approach for notations. It more closely follows Chinnasvāmi Mudaliar’s Oriental Music in European Notation (1893). In sum, it complements other classics by offering Western-notation transcriptions of a historic repertoire, making it an uncommon resource for comparative musicologists and advanced students.
Rāgas of Tanjore is a historically rich volume that revives the legacy of Tañjāvūr’s musical tradition. Its clear and engaging style (despite some antiquated terminology) make it accessible to general readers, while the detailed analysis and notations will appeal to connoisseurs. The editors have preserved Clements’s original insights and added useful modern commentary. As a pedagogical tool, its fusion of Carnatic theory with Western notation remains unique. Although superseded by later scholarship in many respects, Rāgas of Tanjore still rewards readers with an illuminating snapshot of early 20th-century Karṇāṭak knowledge. It is an informative, well-organized work that continues to be valuable for both learners and scholars of South Indian music.